Whilst the overwhelming majority of the prison population is
White/British the offenders from the ethnic minorities are disproportionate to
their relative size in the total workforce, and will have an impact on the
application of the Enterprise Journey; to offenders.
The Differences between Ethnic Groups , Whilst ethnic
minority groups overall have a self-employment rate similar (eight per cent) to
white groups (eight per cent), there is a wide variation between ethnic groups.
Black, African, Caribbean and Black British people (four per cent) have lower
self-employment rates than Pakistani (11 per cent), Indian (eight per cent),
Bangladeshi (eight per cent) and Chinese (eight per cent) people (BIS, 2012).
There are high
aspirations to start up in business amongst ethnic minority groups, especially Black
African (35 per cent) and Black Caribbean (18 per cent) groups (compares with
10 per cent for White British counterparts), but ‘conversion’ to start-ups
remains very low (BIS, 2007).
The self-employment rate of migrant groups is higher than
that of the UK-born population. Nine per cent of adults born outside of the UK
are self-employed compared to eight per cent for those born in the UK (BIS,
2009).
New migrant groups
have higher aspirations to start up in business (18 per cent for those entering
since 2000) than the general adult population of England (11 per cent). This
may be partly explained by age structure as more new migrants are younger than
in the general population (BIS, 2007).
Characteristics of
Ethnic Minority Led SME’s, Ethnic
minority led businesses have similar growth aspirations to UK SME’s as a whole.
In 2007, 68 per cent of ethnic minority led businesses with employees intended
to grow their business over the next 2-3 years (compares with 67 per cent of
all UK SME employers) (: BIS, 2009).
Ethnic minority led businesses are more likely to have
employees than non-ethnic minority led businesses. 31 per cent of ethnic
minority led businesses had employees (compared to 27 per cent of non-ethnic
minority led UK SME’s) (BIS, 2008).
Ethnic minority led businesses are more likely to be service
sector businesses and more likely to be sole proprietorships than non-ethnic
minority led businesses. They are also on average younger than non-ethnic
minority led businesses (BIS, 2008).
London has the
highest proportion of ethnic minority led businesses, with 21 per cent of SME’s
in the region being Minority Ethnic Group led (MEG-led). The North East, the
South West and Northern Ireland all have low proportions of MEG-led businesses
(BIS, 2008).
All of the imitative
offending rates are predicated on the fact that < 46% of offenders in 2010 had
a previous conviction (Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly Update) and that
statistic should be a target for concerted action; with a prison population in
2013 of 86,000. All of the work of AIM seeks to find innovative new solutions
to this long – seemingly – intractable problem. One consequence of the
tremendous growth in the number of persons under the offender management in the
criminal justice system, whether incarcerated, subject to post release licence
or community sentence, is the effect of this criminal history on finding and keeping
a job. Ex-offenders, especially those recently released from prison, face
substantial barriers too many types of legal employment; nonetheless, stable
employment is one of the best predictors
of post-sentence success. Thus, policy-makers concerned about high recidivism
rates face an obvious need to improve the employment prospects of ex-offenders.
Over the last 25 years, many programmes that were designed
to increase employment (and, by so doing, reduce recidivism) among ex-offenders
have been implemented and evaluated. Well meaning intervention programmes
taking offenders into paid employment have, in the main, not worked and newer
thinking has to be applied.
Notes and References
http://www.theaimpartnership.org.uk/shared_resources/The%20Enterprise%20Journey%20Report%20final.pdf
At
the commencement of this research the UK Prison population stood like and by
ethnicity:
Prison Population Ethnicity June 2012 Pop
Totals % Asian/ Asian British 6,335 7.4% 5.87%
Black/ African/ Caribbean/ Black
British 11,281 13.1% 2.81%
Mixed/ Multiple Ethnic Group 3,159
3.7% 1.8% White 61,867 71.9% 83.35%
Other Ethnic Group 960 1.1% 0.82% Not
Known/Not Provided 2,446 2.8% 5.35% 86,048 100% 100%
Table 5:
Prison Population June 2012
No comments:
Post a Comment